How to Write a Leadership Essay About Yourself

<h1>How to Write a Leadership Essay About Yourself</h1><p>Many individuals wonder what to write in an authority paper about themselves. This can be a hard inquiry to reply. There are numerous perspectives to this that are emotional and ought to be left that way. What I am going to discuss here are a few rules that will assist you with thoroughly considering the correct parts of composing an authority essay.</p><p></p><p>Being a pioneer is a profoundly individualistic activity. While you have to build up a level of group building aptitudes, you ought not try to be everything to everybody. You don't need to be flawless in each regard. Simply act naturally and ensure you present your best characteristics to your perusers. You can't do that on the off chance that you are attempting to be everything to another person. On the off chance that you are composing for a chief, be objective and don't make everything about yourself.</p><p>< /p><p>In your article you need to know who you are composing for. This implies you have to comprehend what the person should be fruitful in their own business. What the person in question needs to assemble their organizations. What angles the individual in question needs to stress and what perspectives the individual might want to totally disregard. At that point, you have to discuss your own qualities and shortcomings in some detail. This will assist you with placing yourself in the shoes of the peruser and attempt to see their eyes in your own.</p><p></p><p>If you are composing for your chief, the first and most significant rule you have to consider is the estimation of your article and the crowd you are composing for. Individuals will in general get concentrated on what they need when they read initiative expositions. Along these lines, you have to attempt to ensure you are writing such that will speak to the perusers and not simply the thoughts. For instance, on the off chance that you are expounding on the estimation of an article to a business, you ought not specify how extraordinary you are composing inone section or two paragraphs.</p><p></p><p>Now, this implies in the event that you do compose something that is really interesting and inventive, you may need to disregard what the peruser needs so as to concentrate on your own point. Be that as it may, this is a generally excellent thing. Keep in mind, you are writing to compose an initiative paper about yourself. Along these lines, it is significant that you generally adhere to the topic.</p><p></p><p>Writing an administration article is something worth being thankful for. I am certain that in the event that you are searching for a vocation, you might want to ensure that you are viewed as one of the top individuals. Regardless of whether it is your chief or a planned customer, it is in every case great to allow yourself to sparkle. Ensure you do this by buckling down on your essay.</p><p></p><p>The last and last thing to consider when composing an administration article is whether you are adopting the correct strategy. On the off chance that you are covering subjects in a manner that isn't exactly conceivable, at that point you should begin once again. On the off chance that you are additionally covering themes that you are too old to even consider being examining, at that point it is a smart thought to take it off the page and let your perusers realize that you have some different things to expound on. Continuously attempt to consider approaches to make the paper stand out.</p>

MacValay College Essay Questions

<h1>MacValay College Essay Questions</h1><p>MacValay College is a private school, spend significant time in professional training and was established in the time of 1923. MacValay College puts a specific accentuation on expressions, sciences, dialects, and reasoning, which make up the whole educational plan of this college.</p><p></p><p>MacValay College offers a wide scope of undergrad and graduate projects. The entirety of the projects have their own specializations, and the necessity for graduation is diverse relying upon the specializations you are seeking after. To get a thought regarding the projects accessible, one can take a gander at the school site or by asking the staff members.</p><p></p><p>Specializations for MacValay College have numerous branches, and they incorporate zone of study, strength and specialization, and zones of specialization. These branches have its own field of specialization, which is for the most part dependent on your likely arrangements. The projects that you will be going to likewise incorporate subjects that are identified with your expert advantages, your inclinations and passions.</p><p></p><p>One of the specializations that MacValay College offers is Social Work. This is the claim to fame that you might want to seek after on the off chance that you are hoping to get into a calling that is centered around helping other people. Notwithstanding the social work field, this school additionally offers different specializations in medicinal services, brain science, clinical nursing, instructive and advising administrations, and the sky is the limit from there. These specializations will likewise differ from year to year, as new specialization prerequisites are presented by the personnel and administration.</p><p></p><p>Other specializations that you should consider is Pharmacy. In this forte, understudies will be takin g up to five classes to finish the program. Classes will be conveyed through study hall meetings, research center courses, and even clinical encounters. Understudies will be participating in clinical circumstances and working with patients in the drug store department.</p><p></p><p>Another specialization that is offered by MacValay College is Medical Counseling. This school likewise offers specializations, for example, Health and Safety Management, Occupational Health, Physician Assistant Training, and others. These specializations offer pragmatic involvement with assisting with decreasing the danger of patient injury and illness.</p><p></p><p>In request to set yourself up for your future investigations, MacValay College article questions are something that you should investigate. Similarly as with some other kind of school paper questions, you should set yourself up a long time before you compose your essay.</p>

A Review of Using the Praxis Essay Examples

<h1>A Review of Using the Praxis Essay Examples</h1><p>Using the Praxis exposition models will assist you with sorting out your thoughts and get them down on paper in a sensible manner. The three principle strategies used to make an original copy are plot, discourse and characters. Every ha its own advantages. Consider utilizing at least one of these strategies for your article when submitting.</p><p></p><p>When you present an article to a production, the submitter chooses what you will submit. So as to settle on this decision, you have to experience the accommodation agenda. All entries ought to experience similar advances. Most importantly, the submitter needs to choose what position they need their article distributed in. There are three unique organizations that might be presented: a standard electronic configuration, an online introduction and a Web page.</p><p></p><p>The standard arrangement is the principal alte rnative, while the other two are looked over the design programming or the accommodation frameworks that are accessible. The choice comes down to whether you need your exposition to have the option to be sent to a production or not. In the event that you need it to be in the structure that can be presented, the standard organization is most likely the best option.</p><p></p><p>Then the submitter chooses the kind of configuration they need to see. The decisions are from indistinguishable three principle decisions from the accommodation, however every ha their own benefits.</p><p></p><p>If you are utilizing a portfolio programming, you have full oversight over designing, so you have the creator controls organizing. This makes it simpler to discover blunders and furthermore considers greater adaptability as far as heading and text dimension. It can likewise be set to a specific word check breaking point to guarantee that your substance do esn't surpass the quantity of words allowed.</p><p></p><p>Then the last advance is to pick the headings and the title for your piece. This is the thing that individuals will see when they read the piece. What's more, you would then be able to alter the piece in the fields, include connections and graphs, and send it off.</p><p></p><p>So now you realize how to utilize the three essential alternatives of plot, exchange and character to make another or updated original copy, yet are as yet not certain how to utilize the new application? The application gives you a simple approach through the way toward presenting another article or a refreshed composition. It is simple and gives an assortment of choices to editing.</p>

Tips For Writing a College Essay

Tips For Writing a College EssayIn case you want to write a college essay and you are afraid of the deadline, you need to read these tips for writing a college essay to a UW school. The deadline is one of the most important aspects of writing a college essay and getting it right can be crucial. You may be tempted to not write your essay until the deadline comes and you may end up having no time for writing at all.In fact, you will probably be able to write faster after the deadline then when it did come, and in any case, this will not give you much time to revise the essay for style or grammar errors. It is usually best to prepare before the deadline comes and to read other writers who have done their college essays and to look for writing tips to a UW school.One tip for writing a college essay to a UW school is to keep writing. As soon as you get to class, you should begin writing. But if you find that you are struggling with something, you can always take some time out for yourself and to read other college essays to get ideas and for style points and also to look for other tips to a UW school.Another tip for writing a college essay to a UW school is to make sure that you have all the facts correct in your essay. Some students do not consider spelling and grammar mistakes to be a big deal and they write as quickly as possible without checking their work for errors. However, in your final draft, this could result in you forgetting a very important point. By the time you look again, the passage may have changed and you will then need to change it all over again.Writing tips for writing a college essay to a UW school often involve including things like research and citations in your essay. When you come across a source in your reading that you are unsure about, you should seek advice on how to correctly cite it and where it should go in your essay.The last tip for writing a college essay to a UW school is to avoid making your arguments too long. Remember that yo ur college essay is a summary of your college degree so it will take only a few paragraphs to complete. You should try to keep your arguments simple so that the reader can absorb the information in short bursts and not the whole essay.A few tips for writing a college essay to a UW school often include research and citing and using examples and metaphors. Writing tips for writing a college essay to a UW school often involve such things as expanding on your arguments and getting the reader's attention with your use of examples and metaphors.A college writing guide is a great resource for writing tips for writing a college essay to a UW school. Writing a college essay is the first step to getting a degree and it can take a lot of time and effort to write the perfect essay.

Essay Samples - Osteopathic Essay Sample

Essay Samples - Osteopathic Essay SampleWhile there are countless popular essays for the written word, an osteopathic essay sample would definitely be amongst the most common. These are the commonest kinds of essay samples that your potential students would look for when they want to know more about the topic of your study.These types of essays are normally accompanied by some cases that are essentially a prologue, the subject matter, the main text, and perhaps some supporting data. Most of these osteopathic essays are normally a paraphrase of some established medical practice. There is no obvious difference between the kinds of essay samples that a student can choose from.But the question of whether an essay can really be based on proven facts or just a matter of legend is often answered with a series of questions like, 'What is the basis of your study?' and 'Is it an original research?' Answer these questions, and you will find out whether your essay samples are based on facts or l egend.Some question can be answered by saying that an essay is based on personal experience while others can say that it is an interpretation of established facts by a good college professor. In this case, the college professor could claim that the essay is based on some fact. In this case, the assertion of the professor is that the essay is an independent study in addition to being based on knowledge. However, this is a subjective statement and one cannot be fairly applied to one's own essay samples.Therefore, a college professor would never claim that his essay samples are based on experience. Even if the research has been successful in some instances, it is nevertheless not hard to convince a college professor that his or her studies are derived from a story. He or she would just be skeptical because they would see a great deal of variation in the way an essay is presented.Many of the journal articles on osteopathy are often published in high ranking journals of the world. The sa me could be said about a lot of the cases of osteopathic techniques, which have been cited in scientific journals and cited for years. However, once again, college professors would disagree that their college thesis is based on research. They would only accept that the researches can be accepted as part of the common understanding of osteopathy.In case you are interested in writing your own college thesis about osteopathic principles, then you may do so. After all, the source material would still be the same. However, just be sure that you remember that your thesis does not have to be like the sources listed above. You may also incorporate the views of experts in your thesis.It is true that most college professors would have their own versions of essay samples. If you are given an essay sample that contains just a part of your work, you may be tempted to plagiarize. This should not be done, but you should use your judgment when creating your own essay samples.

Cesare Lombroso s Death Of Scientific Criminology

Cesare Lombroso was a psychiatrist and prison doctor at an asylum for the criminally insane in Italy in 1871. This man made one of the earliest theories in criminology after discovering an unusual indentation at the base of a man’s brain named Giuseppe Villella whilst doing a routine autopsy( Lombroso, Horton, Rich, 2004). Dr Cesare Lombroso who is sometimes called the father of scientific criminology, became convinced that you could tell a criminal due to their facial features. He stated that criminals had bigger noses and low sloping foreheads. He argued that criminals were a regression from a previous evolutionary state. known as atavism, and that criminals were born not made. He also claimed that different types of crime were committed by different types of criminals and that they could be distinguished by physical difference. However spotting potential criminals was unfortunately not as simple as that. Yet despite this theory, this was the beginning of trying to find ou t if criminals are biologically different to non- criminals.(Lombroso, Horton,Rich,2004). Many psychologists have done many hours of research on criminal behaviour, of hoping to discover an explanation about why a person commits a crime. The debate as been on whether criminals are born this way (nature) or is it blamed on (nurture) the way a person is brought up. To say that criminals are biologically different to non- criminals would be an insubstantial way to process the situation, since genes mostlyShow MoreRelatedCompare Beccaria and Lombroso Essay2327 Words   |  10 PagesCompare 2 Key Thinkers and Their Competing Ideologies. Criminology is a study of crime, criminals and criminal justice. Ideas about criminal justice and crime arose in the 18th century during the enlightenment, but criminology as we know it today developed in the late 19th century. Criminology has been shaped by many different academic disciplines and has many different approaches. It explores the implications of criminal laws; how they emerge and work, then how they are violated and what happensRead MoreAnalysis Of Raffaele Garofalo s The Father Of Criminology865 Words   |  4 PagesRaffaele Garofalo was an understudy of Cesare Lombroso, viewed as the father of criminology. He dismisses the precept of unrestrained choice which was the fundamental principle of the Classical School, and upheld the position that wrongdoing can be seen just on the off chance that it is examined by experimental strategies. He endeavored to detail a sociological meaning of wrongdoing that would assign those demonstrations which can be subdued by discipline . These constituted Normal Crime and wereRead MoreThe Theories And Theories Of Criminology1772 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Criminology has emerged as a science in the recent years, and various theories and perspectives have been developed by the social scientists and criminologists in this regard. With the development of sociology as a new subject of study and defining the sociology by the August Comte in 1822, the way was paved for the development of criminology, as the new branch of study. This Branch deals with the study of crime and it gradually developed as academic discipline in Britain in 1950s. Cesare LombrosoRead MoreCriminal Justics and Theories2471 Words   |  10 Pagesdevelop theory. In my theory class we learned about Cesare Lombroso and his influence on criminology. Cesare Lombroso developed the initial steps on criminology, and used Charles Darwin ideas to help him develop his theories. Cesare Lombroso used science and evolution to prove his points about criminals and why they committed certain crimes. Lombroso used skulls and body shapes to prove his theory, and he later wrote several books about them. Lombroso used bone shapes and comparing them to apes and monkeysRead MoreEssay about Criminological Theories1544 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different aspects of criminal justice policy. One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a capital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different ca tegories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crimeRead MoreAre Criminals Rational Decision Makers? Essay examples2042 Words   |  9 PagesThere are several theories that are used to explain why people commit crimes. These theories cover a range of scientific studies that still continue to be used in crime studies today. By using these theories and information gathered, an explanation of the criminal behaviours will be examined and explained relating to each supporting theories. The traditional explanations for crime are nature vs. nurture debate and the ideas relating to any possible biological reasons that turns someone into a criminalRead Moreis poverty the main factor affect crime5090 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction In the essay I’m going to talk about criminology and criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminals. Is one social group involved in crime more than other social groups? Crime is an unlawful act punishable by the state, harmful act or omission against the public which the state wishes to prevent and which, upon conviction is punishable by fine, imprisonment and in some countries death. No conduct constitutes a crime unless it is declared criminal in the laws of the countryRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesStudent Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRead MoreCrime and Deviance is Normal in Society Essay2155 Words   |  9 Pages„ « Physiological theories Cesare Lombroso, an Italian army doctor, is considered by many as the founder of the scientific school of criminology, drew physiological conclusions. Lombroso ¡Ã‚ ¦s infamous work, L ¡Ã‚ ¦Uomo Delinquents (1876), first developed the idea of the atavistic criminal. Atavism, a term originally used by Charles Darwin, suggests that in the process of human evolution some individuals can represent a genetic  ¡Ã‚ ¨throwback ¡Ã‚ ¨. Utilizing this idea, Lombroso debated that the criminal individualRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 PagesSarah Osborne are accused of witchcraft in Salem, 1692 What to do with the witches?! Exodus 22:18- Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live Leviticus   20:27- A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. Assumptions of Demonology Secularization: a systematic and general attempt to explain something The world is a battlefield between supernatural forces of good and bad Deviance

Scientific Management free essay sample

Scientific Management is a system that was originated from Fredrick W. Taylor (1911), which composite analysis of worker’s individual workflow and their labour productivity. The main purpose of this theory is to maximize efficiency within organisations to speed up the process of work in the minimum amount of time and cost incurred by the organisation (Ross 2010). Taylor believed that the most efficient way that work could be done was only when workers knew what they were doing and not merely working hard. Scientific Management focuses on four main principles. Firstly, different parts of the task are studied scientifically for a best possible method to achieve and perform it. Secondly, workers are scientifically selected and trained to perform the designated task at their best trained ability. Thirdly, workers and managers will collaborate to ensure the results expected. Lastly, planning and division of work will be divided by managers to workers respectively. There are many examples of Scientific Management in the modern society, of which some includes, car, technology and computer manufacturing plants, hospitals and some of the restaurant (Dharmasiri 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Foxconn is one of the many manufacturing companies that use Scientific Management in the twenty-first century. In an interview with CNN (2012), a worker said, â€Å"women work like men and work like machines †¦ It’s so boring, I can’t bear it anymore. Everyday was like: I get off from work. It became my daily routine and I almost felt like I was some kind of animal.† When work becomes a routine for workers in a repetitive environment, alienation occurs. From the theory of Durkheim (1893), alienation was producing anomie, which could lead to crime and even suicide. This shows very clearly in the case of Foxconn’s serial suicide cases, that workers do not feel a sense of belonging to the company by the recurrent vicious work cycle. They were also not allowed to voice their opinions and all that was needed was to finish their designated task. This increases disloyalty and decreases employee’s morale, which could indirectly affect the productivity of the company. According to the Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo, he  believes that workers should be given the rights to speak up their mind and unhappiness. Even if there were no solutions to it, employees would already feel better as they feel respected and treated like part of the organisation. The workers were working in an overcrowded environment and had salaries that were not equivalently fair to their working hours and the excessive amount of work given (Hays 2008a). When employees have to work long hours, not having enough rest it will lead to unhappiness among them. However, the matter of fact is that huge companies like Apple work with Foxconn because of their ability to produce millions of gadgets (Hays 2008b). This usually results from the Scientific Management style, where higher efficiency from the workers gives a higher revenue input to the company. This theory basically focuses on individual workers whom are scientifically trained for a specialised task (as seen in the 2nd principle of Scientific Management) so that they will be better at it. However, when specialisation occurs, there is a higher tendency of a de-skilled workforce. As stated by theorist, Braverman (1974), when employees only learn responsibilities and skills within their job scope, they tend to lose their level of communication skills and knowledge as they are confined only within their area of mastery. This would narrow down a person’s creativity and absorption of knowledge. It would make it hard for them to switch to another industry because of their limitations. It also remains a fact that many jobs (1.2million) were created for the people, creating higher employments. People wanted to work for Foxconn initially because of the incentives they offered. Founder Terry Gou, believed that incentives such as well furbished dormitories for the employees and a metropolis which has many facilities (Johnson 2011) would attract people to work for them. Fredrick Taylor had a similar approach called the ‘initiative and incentive’ system. He believes that only when employees get incentives, will they take initiative in their work and put their best efforts in. (Freedman 1992) In Foxconn case, there have been a rising number of unhappy employees. In  interviews with The New York Times, most hire in Foxconn last averagely a few months before they quit dejected and depressed. There have been ten of thousands who have already left the company (Barboza 2010). This shows that even the incentives given to them were not justified compared to the amount of workload, mundane and harsh working environment. Taylor believed that money was the main reason for the employee’s motivation and hard work. His theory of â€Å"a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work† was supported by the higher amount of salaries that was given to employees who achieved more results throughout the day as compared to those who did lesser (Mindtools). According to the Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo, it is seen that there has to be social motivating factors and not just monetary incentives. Some of which includes, interpersonal relations between employees and managers. Elton Mayo believes that it is important for co-workers to feel like friends for a better work environment. However, Scientific Management shows the lack of compassion for the employees, as there was not supposed to be communication between them. All that was needed was to finish the task given. Backing up with Mary Follett (1938) theory, she believes that managers should work with employers rather than controlling them. In the 21st century, we are moving towards a postindustrial society where people are generally more educated. Scientific Management would not be feasible in this generation as people have more knowledge and they would not feel convinced to just take instructions blindly. When organisations neglect workers monetary, emotionally and physically needs, all in exchange for achieved end quantity results, there will be a negative impact in the long run. In Foxconn case, although productivity is high, it is directly inproportionate to the happy employees. Scientific Management shows that employers care more about productivity as compared to the happiness of employees. This would discourage workers as they would feel unappreciated and they see no purpose in their stay in the company. When this happens, it demoralises employees and they would lose focus and motivation to work hard for the company. This is clearly shown true by the number of workers who resigned in Foxconn. There are pros and cons to Scientific Management; therefore it would be  biased to discredit it totally. In a world today, transformational management would be the ideal style of management for organisations. The community is moving at a fast pace towards a post-industrial society in the 21st century. The most important thing for any company to do well in the long run is for employees to be in an environment that they feel happy in. When they feel happy, there will be higher motivation for them to want to give their best, which increases their loyalty to the company. It is important for companies to have high efficiency and productivity, however not at the expense of worker’s happiness, health or safety. Organisations should always exercise social responsibility, only when they do so will they get the respect and results expected from their employees. However, due to the nature of the job, it requires fast outputs in the shortest time possible. Workers were then treated like machines, with low labour cost. Most of the large organizations incorporate Scientific Management in their style of work, as it seems like the most efficient way to increase productivity in the fastest possible way. It is seen that Taylor’s Scientific Management theories, which have developed over a century, is still relevant and found within the modern workplaces. Scientific Management free essay sample The research proceeded through five phases: (1) The initial  Illumination studies  (1924[-]27) were aimed at evaluating the effect of lighting conditions on productivity; (2)  the Relay-assembly Room studies  (August 1928[-]March 1929) assessed the effects of pay incentives, rest periods, and active job input on the productivity of five selected woman workers; (3)  the Mica-Splitting Test group  (October 1928[-]September 1930) in which a group of piece-workers were used to corroborate the relative importance of work-group dynamics vs. ay incentives; (4)  the Bank Wiring Observation group  (November 1931[-]May 1932) a covert observational design in which the dynamics of control in a work-group of 14 male employees on the regular factory floor were observed; and (5)  the plantwide Interviewing program  (September 1928[-]early 1931) essentially an attempt by the company to categorize concerns, mitigate grievances, and manipulate employee morale according to the princ iples of social control learned in the previous phases). The latter two phases were interrupted by the detrimental effects of the Great Depression on company production orders, but the interviewing phase was later reinstated as a Personnel Counseling program, and was even expanded throughout the Western Electric company system between 1936[-]1955. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Hawthorne effect, defined as the tendency under conditions of observation for worker productivity to steadily increase, was discovered during the earliest scientific management phases of the research. It was suggested that when human work relations (ie. supervision and worker camaraderie) were appropriate, adverse physical conditions had little negative effect upon worker productivity. If the company could only learn more about the human relations aspects of the workplace, they might soon be able to utilize them to increase overall plant production. The latter phases of research, therefore, become more sociopsychological in design. MAY0 was the most prominent early popularizer of these studies. His previous industrial psychology work included reducing turnover in a Philadelphia area textile mill by establishing a system of rest periods for workers but he now stressed a ocial relations interpretation of the ongoing Hawthorne research. This portrayal had the eventual disciplinary effect of extending the purview of industrial testing beyond the previous individualized placement of workers toward the wider realm of manipulation of work-place relationships. Mayo’s account is altogether more programmatic than the guarded comments of WHITEHEAD or of ROETHLISBERGER and DICKSON in their official company research report (where more of the messy empirical details of the early phases of research were presented). All three sources, however, intentionally portray the Harvard Business School researchers as equally benevolent toward worker and company interests. The standard portrayal of wholehearted cooperation between the workers and supervisors in the latter phases of research came under sharp attack from industrial sociologists from 1937 onward including: GILSON; LYND; MILLS; LANDSBERGER. It was BARITZ, however, who popularized the notion that industrial researchers were inevitably servants of power. The counseling phase of research in particular was designed to apply the listening techniques of the Catholic confessional and the psychiatric couch (p. 116) with the aim of adjusting people to situations (rather than alleviating those situations from the workplace). An attempt at disciplinary damage control was then published by DICKSON and ROETHLISBERGER. A more convincing counter argument can be gained from other sources. Baritz clearly overstated his argument. Early 20th century immigrant workers were not simply hapless victims of capitalism. They used the limited opportunities presented by the industrial workplace to create their own conditions for the further development of their sub-cultures. ALTHENBAUGH; BERNSTEIN; SUSMAN; NELSON-ROWE all indicate that these self-made conditions included such features as parochial schools, organized labor unions, and even labor colleges. GILLESPIE follows up this line of historical reasoning by placing the Hawthorne research into the context of the rise of labor unions. The Hawthorne subject pool did not mindlessly  react  to industrial management techniques nor did they simply  adjust  or  adapt  to the less than subtle contingencies of social relations experiments. They recognized these contingencies for what they were: New company attempts to increase overall production and control union sentiment. HOGAN; WEISS indicate that transplanted peasant culture which emphasized family collectivism, religious devotion, and attitudes toward the value of work and formal education likely affected workplace relations as much as any company-based program. Whereas scientific management  decorticated  workers, and the mental testing tradition  individualized  workers, social relations research portrayed workers as ruled by a  sentiment of interpersonal irrationality. This was, of course, an improvement; but not much of an improvement. BRAMEL FRIEND caution modern researchers to bare in mind that the results of industrial research can not be fully understood by mere appeal to subject expectancy effects, nor even to contextualized social work group relations. They must be understood in the wider, shifting, societal-historical context of management-union relations. ******************************************************************************** EVERYONE NEEDS TO BE RECOGNISED: Improve driver behaviour just by paying attention to them Let’s face it; human beings are creatures of habit, cultivating unique behaviour patterns over time, some good, others bad. Whether it’s how we speak, sit, eat or drive, humans develop what physiologists call ‘muscle memory’, where the brain and body orchestrate automated responses to everyday situations, commonly known as ‘habits’. The Hawthorne Effect Back in the late 1920s, an American psychology professor called Elton Mayo began a series of experiments at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago to determine the link between working conditions and productivity. Initially, Mayo wanted to determine the effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity. To do this, he separated a group of employees from the rest of the assembly line and subjected them to a number of different tests involving changes in their working environment, like rest breaks, work hours, lighting, temperature and humidity. He placed a supervisor on site to monitor the employees. This person, who informed the test group of all forthcoming changes in their work situation, was regarded as a benign observer, rather than a strict disciplinarian [or spy] by the workers. As the experiments progressed, Mayo discovered that productivity amongst the test group increased considerably and he came to the conclusion that simply by being proactively and individually monitored by management, employees performed better. He, in effect, uncovered a profound truth about the way human beings perform at work, specifically, â€Å"The need for recognition, security and sense of belonging is more important in determining workers morale and productivity than the physical conditions under which he works. † Drive-Report’s Hawthorne Effect The life of a professional truck or bus driver can be lonely one, characterised by long working hours on monotonous stretches of highway. Because drivers are away from the ‘head office’ most of the time, it is difficult for management to get to know each and every driver’s professional aptitude, let alone his or her personal circumstances. It’s not hard to see why so many South African professional drivers feel like nothing more than a number on the payroll. For Prof Mayo, professional drivers would no doubt make ideal test cases. With Drive Report stickers posted on fleet vehicles, supported by regular and constructive management intervention using the Drive Report driver profiling services, the Hawthorne Effect is unlocked. By involving drivers in the Drive Report behavioural analysis process, fleet managers and driver trainers express a genuine concern for the driver, based on issues of improved safety and skills development, effectively making the driver feel ‘part of the team’, and a valuable one at that. Once drivers embrace the notion that Drive Report is an ‘on-going improvement tool’ employed to help them [rather than a ‘policing’ tool], they consciously strive to drive better, rectifying bad driving habits by replacing them with all the ‘best driving practices’ taught to them by their driver trainer. Bottom line The Drive Report system is specifically designed to improve driver efficiency. By proactively using the data generated by Drive Report for coaching purposes, fleet managers unleash the power of the Hawthorne Effect, boosting driver job satisfaction and professionalism, yielding financial benefits such as reduced fuel and maintenance costs while enhancing on-road safety. If these monetary gains are passed on to the driver as part of an incentive programme, a truly holistic win-win situation is created. /****************** re you looking for ways to motivate your team? Lets look at a principle called the Hawthorne Effect. In the 1920s, Elton Mayo, an Harvard University professor, started research at the Western Electric Companys Hawthorne plant in Cicero, Chicago. Mayo conducted behavioral research and was considered the founding father of industrial psychology. Mayos research showed that workers are motivated more by emotional rather than economic factors. Examples would be active involvement in changes and decisions which results in employees taking more ownership and gave them a feeling of importance. This approach resulted in a greater impact when compared to improvements in workplace conditions or more pay. Mayo also laid the foundations for later gurus, notably Herzberg (Motivation and Hygiene Factors), Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs), McGregor (XY Theory) and with Peters and Waterman (In Search of Excellence). During the 10-year study Mayo conducted research with 20,000 Western Electric employees that included a team of Harvard scientists and up to 100 investigators. This massive ten-year program grew from the initial experiment that began by improving the lighting to determine the effect on workers motivation and productivity. They found positive results, but productivity also increased in the control group of workers where conditions were unchanged, except that they were informed they were part of the study. Mayos work was perhaps the earliest significant demonstration that that took a look at factors that impact people in their workplace. Today, consider how can you use the Hawthorne Effect, and the results of the research from the 20s to help yourbusiness. Remember, people are mainly motivated not by economic factors, but emotional factors, such as feeling involved and receiving attention. /**************** Taylorism versus the ‘Hawthorne effect’ February 28, 2011  in  Columnists Management has been one of the great success stories of this world. But what is management? A myriad of definitions litter the pages of management texts. This article will not proffer a definition but will juxtapose the two main styles of managing people at work so that readers will be able to distinguish between good and bad management. Tendai and Chipo manage a team of workers under them. Tendai tries as much as possible to avoid any human contact with his staff and treats them as economically motivated automatons. He is a â€Å"cowboy† type of manager who undermines individual initiative and freedom. On the contrary, Chipo takes a more people-oriented approach. She tries to understand the problems and anxieties of her staff and to encourage their wider participation at work. Both Tendai and Chipo seek to control their teams but using different tactics. Tendai is a scientific management type of manager. Scientific management or Taylorism had its origins in Frederick W Taylor who lived from 1856 to 1915. In essence, Taylorism entailed extreme division of labour, de-skilling of the worker, payment by results (â€Å"piece-work†), tight managerial control and ehumanisation of the workplace. Taylor and his followers considered money to be the main motivator for workers. According to him, if workers were carefully trained and given the right tools, productivity would increase. Taylor observed that workers would exert no more effort than they believed they were being paid for — a phenomenon he termed â€Å"soldiering†. He posited a panacea — time and motion studies combined with rational analysis to determine the best method for performing any particular task. His thesis was that if compensation was linked to output, productivity would go up. Taylor’s ideas marked the genesis of mass production. Henry Ford of the â€Å"You can have any colour (of car) as long as it is black† fame was one of the first to adopt Taylor’s methods in the production of the â€Å"Model T†. By the 1930s, scientific management had started to fall out of favour. Taylorism became synonymous with boring and repetitive jobs, loss of skills, loss of autonomy for the workers, low morale, sabotage, inferior quality, absenteeism, high turnover and general apathy. Having worked as a machine operator before, Taylor didn’t see workers as people, but rather as cogs in a machine that could easily be replaced. The industrial engineer, with his stopwatch and clipboard, standing over a worker measuring each little part of the job and worker’s movements became a loathed figure and led to antagonism between workers and managers. Chipo belongs to the human relations school led by Professor Elton Mayo, a Sociologist from Harvard Business School and fierce critic of Taylorism. Between 1924 and 1932, Mayo and his colleagues carried out a series of experiments with factory workers at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company near Chicago in the United States of America. The Western Electric company was an assembly division of America Telephone and Telegraph (ATT). The research involved the illumination experiments of the mid-1920s, Relay Assembly Test Room involving the six workers from 1927 to 1932, a survey of 21 000 employees in 1928 and observations in the Bank Wiring Room from 1931-1932. The outcome of this research became famously known as the â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†. In the illumination experiments, lighting intensity was varied up and down for an experimental group of workers, whilst light levels were left unchanged for the control group. Almost all of the lighting changes led to an increase in productivity. Most interesting of all, productivity also shot up within the control group. What really was going on? Apparently, something unusual was happening. The workers felt that they were part of it. They felt important. They felt obliged to work harder and demonstrate that they could not be regarded as mere parts in the organisational machine. Thus was born the notion of the â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†. With the Bank Wiring Room experiments, a small group of male workers were engaged in producing electrical components. The research sought to find out how payment incentives would affect productivity. Surprisingly, productivity fell. Apparently, workers had become suspicious that their productivity would lead to some of them losing their jobs. Closer observation revealed the existence of informal groups or cliques which served to control group members and to manage bosses. Rate busters (those who performed beyond the norm) were forced to toe the line through a mixture of peer pressure and physical sanctions. The major finding of the Hawthorne studies was that when individuals are made to feel special, it encourages them to behave or perform at a higher level of efficiency than they might otherwise. Those men and women who participated in the Hawthorne studies felt special by virtue of being the focus of attention by the researchers. Being studied prompts a person to reflect more on the task and this often causes them to improve their performance. Like it or not, the Hawthorne studies have taken on an almost mythological status and are firmly embedded in HR folklore. The general conclusion from the studies was that workers are not solely driven by economic considerations but by social needs as well. Management therefore requires effective social skills, not just technical skills. The informal side of the organisation is as important as, or perhaps even more important than, the formal rules and hierarchy. Whereas Taylor sought to eradicate the informal aspect of work, the human relations school sought to acknowledge its indispensability and to find ways of aligning it with the formal parts and purposes of the organisation. Following Mayo, facilities such as canteens and other facilities at work including social clubs were introduced. The limitations in the research methodology used in the Hawthorne experiments led to debate and doubt about whether the conclusions of Mayo and his colleagues were valid and reliable. In 1982, Berkeley Rice alluded to the â€Å"Hawthorne Defect† in the journal Psychology Today. However, as we were all taught in business school, every research is flawed in one way or the other! Between Tendai and Chipo, who fits the â€Å"bad guy† tag? Who is the â€Å"good guy? †